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Finance & Accounting Glossary for Indian Businesses

Clear, practical definitions of GST, TDS, ITC, and accounting terms — written for business owners and finance teams, not textbooks.

Aged Receivables (Aging Report)

A report categorizing outstanding customer invoices by how long they have been unpaid, typically in 30-day buckets.

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Bank Reconciliation

The process of matching a company's internal accounting records with the bank statement to identify and resolve discrepancies.

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Cash Flow (Statement & Management)

The movement of money in and out of a business, tracked through the Cash Flow Statement showing operating, investing, and financing activities.

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Chart of Accounts (COA)

A structured list of all accounts used in a business's general ledger, organized by category (assets, liabilities, income, expenses).

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DPO (Days Payable Outstanding)

A financial metric measuring the average number of days a business takes to pay its suppliers after receiving an invoice.

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DSO (Days Sales Outstanding)

A financial metric measuring the average number of days it takes a business to collect payment after a sale is made.

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E-Invoice (Electronic Invoice under GST)

A system where B2B invoices are electronically authenticated by the GST Invoice Registration Portal (IRP) before being issued.

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E-Way Bill

An electronic document required for the movement of goods worth more than Rs. 50,000 within or across state borders under GST.

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GSTIN (Goods and Services Tax Identification Number)

A unique 15-digit alphanumeric code assigned to every registered GST taxpayer in India.

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GSTR-2A

An auto-populated, dynamic return showing all inward supplies as reported by your suppliers in their GSTR-1.

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GSTR-2B

A static, auto-generated ITC statement available on the 14th of each month, used as the primary basis for claiming Input Tax Credit.

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HSN Code (Harmonized System of Nomenclature)

A standardized international system for classifying traded goods, used in India for GST rate determination and invoice compliance.

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Input Tax Credit (Detailed)

The mechanism under GST that allows businesses to reduce their tax liability by claiming credit for taxes paid on business inputs.

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ITC (Input Tax Credit)

The credit a business receives for GST paid on purchases, which can be set off against GST collected on sales.

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Journal Entry

A record of a financial transaction in the accounting system, following double-entry bookkeeping with equal debits and credits.

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Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM)

A GST mechanism where the recipient of goods or services is liable to pay the tax instead of the supplier.

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SAC Code (Services Accounting Code)

A classification code used for services under GST in India, similar to HSN codes for goods, to determine applicable tax rates.

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TCS (Tax Collected at Source)

A tax collected by the seller from the buyer at the time of sale for specified goods and transactions, deposited with the government.

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TDS (Tax Deducted at Source)

A system where the payer deducts a percentage of tax from payments like salaries, contractor fees, rent, and professional fees before paying the recipient.

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Trial Balance

A bookkeeping statement listing all ledger account balances (debit and credit) at a specific date to verify that total debits equal total credits.

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